Technology And Television Child Obesity Essays (803 words)

Technology And Television: Child Obesity Technology and Television: Child Obesity The children of today are becoming more obese, for the fact that they are obtaining laziness. They are spending more time in front of the television then they are getting their daily exercise. Their growing bodies need exercise to lose baby fat before it gets to be a serious problem. The growth of technology has formed a major impact on the obesity of today's children. This technology has substituted normal childhood play exercises with computer games that take less physical effort. Because of technology in today's society the problem with child obesity has become tremendously intensified. First, what is child obesity? The term child obesity means a ?child is a person between birth and puberty and obese is extremely fat: corpulent?(The American Heritage Dictionary 265,856). This disease is caused due to a lack of exercise and over-eating by a child. Child obesity can cause many medical problems for a child that suffers from such a disease. Obesty is a widespread disease that is growing incredibly worse as technology increases. Furthermore, it is obvious that the lack of exercise has a major part to do with child obesity; scientists blame the television for a substitute to outdoor sports. Kids are spending more time watch television than they are doing physical activities. ?The findings strongly support the notion that the most important lifestyle factor in childhood obesity is television watching?(Monmaney). The television brings the child's imagination to life, giving them entertainment to do without the running and exercising of outdoor sports. The more television a child watches the more obese the child will get. Next, the problem is getting so out of hand that the government is going to have to start getting involved. Satcher and Shirley Watkins, the undersecretary of agriculture for food, nutrition and consumer services said that, 'TV increases obesity, stifles creativity and shortens attention spans among young people' (Bauder). This is their reason for joining the campaign for a TV-Free America. It is estimated that an obese child watches an average of four hours and nine minutes of television each day. That is four hours that a child could be bonding with their family or taking action in some physical activity. Thus, problem with child obesity starts as young as infancy. If the child's parents do not stress exercise the child will find an alternative way to occupy their time. For example, playing a game cartridge rather than shooting hoops or flying a kite. The game cartridge provides cheap entertainment with very little fitness involved. Ross Andersen recommends that parents find alternatives to watching television for their children (Joseph). A parent should do anything possible to get their kids away from the television. Ether by making daily plans with timed intervals limiting the amount of television the child can watch or signing them up for YMCA sport activities. Even if the parent has a busy work schedule, make time to benefit the child. Although, there are numerous amounts of prescription drugs for child obesity, the side affects are too risky for the younger child. The easiest way to solve this well-known disease is by stopping the problem before it starts. ?'If you can intervene with overweight children before they are fully grown, you can often help them grow into their weight and prevent them from becoming overweight adults. Some overweight children don't need to lose weight as much as they need to gain weight at a slower rate.'? (Discroll) Moving on, some children do not need to lose weight, but need help growing into the weight they already have. They can use help to slow the rate at which they gain weight, making it easier for them to grow into it. Plus, the health risk faced by children with the disease of child obesity is immense. ?More than 70 percent of all cases persist into adulthood?(Mellin). Obesity during adult years is associated with increased rates of diseases such as hyperinsulinemia, coronary heart disease, angina, atherosclerosis, various cancers, orthopedic problems, and gout along with many other short-term and psychosocial consequences of obesity in children. Thus, with the technology in today's society the problem with child obesity has largely intensified. The management of obesity and overweight in children is an

Criteria for Judging a Research Study †International Business (300 Level Course)

Criteria for Judging a Research Study – International Business (300 Level Course) Free Online Research Papers Criteria for Judging a Research Study International Business (300 Level Course) The article â€Å"Investigating the impact of international cosmetics advertising in China† is written by Bradley R. Barnes, who researches and lectures in marketing at Leeds University Business School, Philip J. Kitchen, who holds the Chair in Strategic Marketing and founded and directed the Executive MBA programme, and Graham Spickett-Jones, who is a lecturer in Marketing at Hull University Business School, and Qionglei Yu, who is Lecturer in marketing at the Hangzhou University of Commerce, China. The article is described in the International Journal of Advertising, 23, pp. 361-387, 2004 Advertising Association and published by the World Advertising Research Center. 1.Review of previous research 44 references from 1970 to 2001 are used for this article. The authors review these references and describe where these data or words come from. They research many literatures not only the field of Marketing of China but also the culture and history of China. In addition, among the authors, the expert in Marketing of China is included. Therefore, I think that their information of the previous research is enough. 2.Statement of the research problem and the purpose of the study They describe clearly their statement of the problem. Their purpose is Chinese women’s perception of international advertising from a Chinese cultural context. Currently, there is a crossroad between old customs and modern thinking in China. Chinese women experience a mixture of traditional culture and modern-world tendencies. On the other hand, they obtain great pleasure form the new power to make decisions regarding their appearance and status quo. The author says that although many experts researched and described about Chinese women’s perception, the contexts are somewhat scant and little has been concluded. That is the reason why they decided to do more researches. Their study is explanatory style and I can not see any predictive style and hypotheses in the article. 3.Description of the research procedures They describe clearly how the study was conducted. Firstly, they describe the background of Chinese people. For example, according to the article â€Å"Chinese people have a strong belief in a certain stereotypical model of the typical woman, and this accepted by the public.† â€Å"They experience great anxiety and a pressure to maintain the status quo (Afshar 1991).† Next, they describe literature review: factors influencing cosmetic advertising decisions in China. In this section, they explain what kind of advertising is effective approach. For example, international advertising approach which is used for all markets, localized approach which is changed by the area, or combination approach. Company should translate their original brand name into Chinese name or not because according this article, â€Å"China has a distinctive language and easy-to-pronounce and meaningful names are important for the initial stage in generating customer attention.† For example, C oca-Cola was translated into a Chinese name to get the attention of Chinese customer, which had the meaning of â€Å"tasty and happy† even though there is a little different form the meaning of the origin name. Third, they research the effective of back music. Fourth, they research the range of age of customers who are interested in the cosmetic. They limit the range of age from 20 to 35. Fifth, they research by using a questionnaire and break down it to six parts: Table 1 ‘Demographic†, Table 2 â€Å"Reference of brand name†, Table 3 â€Å"Reference for music and model’s ethnic origin†, Table 4 â€Å"Individual and reference groups†, Table 5 â€Å"Relationship appeal in advertisement† and Table 6 â€Å"Levels of influence associate with various media source.† Finally, they describe the result from their researches. 4.Flaws in procedural design First, although their research is clear and enough the purpose and procedure, their conclusion is ambiguous because the result of their data is ambiguous. Most data locate neutral which means that the participants answered ambiguously. Ambiguous answer is not always accurate. If they want to dodge their answer or do not have any idea, they would answer neutral position. I think that although Chinese people desire to change, they can not change back stage. Therefore, they can not answer clearly by nature characteristic. Finally, in this research, they could not describe their results strongly. In addition, they do not research by predictive style. If potential companies create advertising to sell something, the most necessary data would be future’s trend. Second, why their research limited from the age 20 to 35? When I asked my Chinese friends, they answered that the Chinese women of high class, who are the age from 40 to 60, also make up and also the Chinese women of all ages are interested in the base cosmetic and take care their face. My opinion is that they should create a questionnaire which has just three categories: Unimportant, Very important or no idea to Chinese people. If they do, they would be able to get clearer result than this research. In addition, they should expand the range of age. Cosmetic products include base goods which are lotion, milky lotion, massage cream etc. There products would be used by wider range Chinese women than that of this research. 5.Analysis of data After they gathered their questionnaire, they organize to six tables and one graph. Then they describe the result of their research obediently. 6.Results and discussion Finally they describe six results. First, the target of the range of age is from 20 -35 because they researched that the women are affected by the cosmetic advertising. Second, level of importance with language and the brand results ‘neutral’ opinion 43%. Therefore, they conclude that none of the respondents had a strong preference for the translation of international brand names into mandarin. Third, according to the preference for music, the number of respondents with a preference for either Western or Oriental models in cosmetics advertisements also express a ‘neutral’ attitude 43%. As a result of the findings, music is not considered critically important to Chinese female consumers. That means that they do not need to change or compose a new piece of music adjusted to Chinese tastes. (P378) Fourth, Chinese women are very sensitive when they evaluate cosmetic products because cosmetic products related to the issue of health and beauty. Therefore, Chinese women need Friends or opinions of specialists when they select their cosmetic products. Fifth, the result of the relationship appeal in advertisements is that the boyfriend/girlfriend or sister/sister relationship is most positive. Next, according to Saywell’s research, Mother/daughter relationship or husband/wife relationship is less attractive because these relationships are traditional types of relationship. As Chinese women desire new something, this research strongly express the present Chinese women. 7.References Current China change greatly. So, even though these references are relatively new, I can not say the references are complete. In addition, even this article may not be competing because Chinese economy progress rapidly. Some of the most important reference sources in the field is 8.Researcher reputation 9.General comments about the report It is clearly written an understandable. The strength is that the researchers are experts in Marketing and they have much information and knowledge. In addition, a Chinese expert of this field is included as a writer of this article. The weaknesses of the research are the only one woman researcher and only she is Chinese. Other researchers who have authority are men and not Chinese. My opinion is that they should have described more detail background about the interest of Chinese women in the cosmetic products. In addition, As China culture is high-context culture; they should have devised their questionnaire style. Research Papers on Criteria for Judging a Research Study - International Business (300 Level Course)Analysis of Ebay Expanding into AsiaDefinition of Export QuotasInfluences of Socio-Economic Status of Married MalesResearch Process Part OneAnalysis Of A Cosmetics AdvertisementEffects of Television Violence on ChildrenMind TravelThe Relationship Between Delinquency and Drug UseWhere Wild and West MeetHip-Hop is Art

The History of the Louisiana Purchase

The History of the Louisiana Purchase On April 30, 1803 the nation of France sold 828,000 square miles (2,144,510 square km) of land west of the Mississippi River to the young United States of America in a treaty commonly known as the Louisiana Purchase. President Thomas Jefferson, in one of his greatest achievements, more than doubled the size of the United States at a time when the young nations population growth was beginning to quicken. The Louisiana Purchase was an incredible deal for the United States, the final cost totaling less than five cents per acre at $15 million (about $283 million in todays dollars). Frances land was mainly unexplored wilderness, and so the fertile soils and other valuable natural resources we know are present today might not have been factored in the relatively low cost at the time. The Louisiana Purchase stretched from the Mississippi River to the beginning of the Rocky Mountains. Official boundaries were not determined, except that the eastern border ran from the source of the Mississippi River north to the 31 degrees north. Present states that were included in part or whole of the Louisiana Purchase were: Arkansas, Colorado, Iowa, Kansas, Minnesota, Missouri, Montana, Nebraska, New Mexico, North Dakota, Oklahoma, South Dakota, Texas, and Wyoming. Historical Context of the Louisiana Purchase France controlled the vast stretches of land west of the Mississippi, known as Louisiana, from 1699 until 1762, the year it gave the land to its Spanish ally. The great French general Napoleon Bonaparte took back the land in 1800 and had every intention of asserting his presence in the region. Unfortunately for him, there were several reasons why selling the land was all but necessary: A prominent French commander recently lost a fierce battle in Saint-Domingue (present-day Haiti) that took up much needed resources and cut off the connection to the ports of North America’s southern coast.French officials in the United States reported to Napoleon on the countrys quickly increasing population. This highlighted the difficulty France might have in holding back the western frontier of American pioneers.France did not have a strong enough navy to maintain control of lands so far away from home, separated by the Atlantic ocean. Napoleon wanted to consolidate his resources so that he could focus on conquering England. Believing he lacked the troops and materials to wage an effective war, the French general wished to sell Frances land to raise funds. The Lewis and Clark Expedition to the Louisiana Purchase Traveling 8,000 miles (12,800 km), the expedition gathered huge amounts of information about the landscapes, flora (plants), fauna (animals), resources, and people (mostly Native Americans) it encountered across the vast territory of the Louisiana Purchase. The team first traveled northwest up the Missouri River, and traveled west from its end, all the way to the Pacific Ocean. Bison, grizzly bears, prairie dogs, bighorn sheep, and antelope were just a few of the animals that Lewis and Clark encountered. The pair even had a couple of birds named after them: Clark’s nutcracker and Lewis’s woodpecker. In total, the journals of the Lewis and Clark Expedition described 180 plants and 125 animals that were unknown to scientists at the time. The expedition also led to the acquisition of the Oregon Territory, making the west further accessible to the pioneers coming from the east. Perhaps the biggest benefit to the trip, though, was that the United States government finally had a grasp on what exactly it had purchased. The Louisiana Purchase offered America what the Native Americans had known about for years: a variety of natural formations (waterfalls, mountains, plains, wetlands, among many others) covered by a wide array of wildlife and natural resources.

In what ways do colonialist ideas continue to influence contemporary Essay

In what ways do colonialist ideas continue to influence contemporary culture Describe with reference to fashion, literature, fi - Essay Example Africa is the country which has suffered most from colonization and this could be due to its vast natural resources and cheap labor. White men have colonized many parts of the world and have lived there more than a century. Colonization means losing sovereignty from the indigenous people to the foreigners. They dominate the cultural, social, spiritual, economic, political and psychological ways of indigenous people. Violence and enforcement has always been a part of colonization. These colonized people lived in different countries like India, African continent, America, Spain, Philippines and Portugal. This gives chance for lot of amalgamation of culture. Since the colonized Europeans live in these regions for a longer period the indigenous people are highly influenced by the lifestyle of the colonized. According to Sanders(2009,pg.1-51)â€Å"Of the great colonial powers of Western Europe – Britain, France, Germany, the Netherlands, Portugal and Spain – only Britain le ft this legacy to its colonies†. The culture, politics, government, education and language changes largely due to colonization. We can see that Europeans left large legacies behind in almost all the countries they have colonized. The colonialist ideas have made many countries what I see today and we can see it in many aspects of our lifestyle like fashion, literature or education system. The Colonization and English Colonization has been influencing people in different countries on different level. Mostly English men have ruled many African countries and South Asian countries. The British men have lived for more than a century in many African regions and they have influenced the people in many ways. However, if we contemplate our contemporary world is influenced by colonialist ideas in many spheres of our life. Actually we are living in symbolic skeletal remains of colonial infrastructure until now. What we see in newspapers, television and magazines are a face lift life from previous era. We have had a social reformation but still we have traces of colonialism in our everyday life. The traces of colonialism are evident in cultural economy and popular culture. We can see the biggest influence of colonization is the language the whole world is speaking. We can see that as the British ruled many parts of the world for centuries they established their Mother tongue as a universal language. If we look at our contemporary world, we can see that English is the communication medium for all people around the world .All the countries teaches English language in schools. In most countries, English is the primary language and then comes their mother tongue. The English language now cannot be considers as the language of British but it is language spoken by all people in the world. This can be first and most evident colonist influence on contemporary world. The Colonist and Fashion Image 2 – A colonial costume We can see that before colonial period, the cloth ing of people in different countries varied to a great extent. If one look at African culture, we can see that men and women wore less of clothing as they had humid weather. They wore cotton fabrics which are heavy with dark color motifs. In the same manner, South Asian people wore less of upper clothing and mostly had a cotton or linen clothing for their lower body. Most of the colonized

Management skill Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Management skill - Essay Example In other words, it can be affirmed from a broader perspective that the business organisations can fulfil their predetermined business targets with the development of the management skills by their business or strategic leaders (Koontz & Weihrich, 2006). Decision making can be regarded as one of the imperative management skills, which needs to be developed by the business or strategic leaders belonging to different organisations with the motive of accomplishing their expected business targets. In this similar context, decision making is principally viewed to be a vital constituent of modern management. In general, the facet of decision making is fundamentally described as the procedure of deciding certain significant aspects that leads the organisations to fulfil their intended business goals by a greater level (Salaman, 2001). Contextually, the significant concern of decision making is typically described as the selection of a definite action from amid several probable substitutes ai ming at mitigating a critical situation faced while conducting various operational functions by the different business organisations. ... decision making as a form of management skill is duly prioritised by different business organisations with the intention of sustaining the activities relating to business along with organisational functioning (Roussel & et. al., 2006). In order to determine the management skill of decision making, it has been viewed that a considerable portion of time is generally expensed at the time when decisions are adopted which might hinder the organisations to develop their overall performance by a greater level. Thus, in order to adopt decisions abruptly and efficiently especially in a management background, certain significant steps need to be followed. The steps comprise identifying as well as stating the exact problem, collecting relevant information, developing the accessible options, selecting better options, effectively planning along with executing the options and finally following up the activities (Lussier, 2008). It has been apparently observed that the organisations belonging to th is modern day context adopt significant decisions in order to fulfil their respective business targets by a significant level. In this similar concern, the different sorts of decisions that have been viewed to be adopted by various modern organisations embrace operational, strategic and tactical decisions. From the standpoint of operational decisions, the business or strategic managers belonging to different organisations have been noted to adopt decisions relating to the aspects that are required for performing daily operations effectively. With regard to tactical decisions, the business leaders of various organisations have been noted to be adopting decisions associated with formulating along with executing effective policies for raising overall organisational performance at large. In

Analytical Description of Players in Hamlet Essay Example for Free

Analytical Description of Players in Hamlet Essay The significance of the players exceeds the sole purpose of entertainment, as each possesses the power to unveil the occulted guilt (3.2.75) and conscience of the King. Hamlet assumes the responsibility to advise these players with precise and adequate direction so that a whirlwind of passion (6) may not effectively separate Claudius from personally identifying with the play. Hamlets enthusiastic approach toward direction may be so that he encourages the players to suit the action to the word, the word to the/ action, with this special observance, that you oerstep not/ the modesty of nature (16-18). However, this exercise of caution may justify Hamlets too often delayed attempt toward the action of avenging his fathers murder. His direction confines him to the overflow of words as he experiences imprisonment within the truth of his own identity. Hamlet grants himself the opportunity to momentarily direct himself, yet it remains unknown as to whether he directs a representation of truth or a falsity. He exemplifies madness so well, as the sight of a damned ghost (77) insanely induces his imagination and comfortably transforms his identity to one of lunacy. This role he acquires is one he portrays so explicitly well as an actor that he easily utilizes it as the foundation for his players. He instructs the players: Nor do not saw the air too much with your hand, Thus, but use all gently, for in the very torrent, tempest, And, as I may say, whirlwind of passion, you must acquire And beget a temperance that may give it smoothness. (4-7) Abstinence from overly dramatizing the actions of the play may be reflective of Hamlets character prior to his escape from true self: a once-lived life of normalcy focused more wholly on smoothness (7) rather than an uncontrolled torrent, tempest, / whirlwind of passion (5-6). Hamlets direction of the players claims victory as Claudius abruptly arises and exclaims, Give me some light. Away (254)! Horatios observation of the Kings reaction confirms his guilt-inflamed conscience as he was forced to witness the reenactment of his brothers murder. Hamlet, relieved, reveals, Ill take the ghosts word for a thousand/ pound (271-272). The ghost is officially trustworthy as the Kings reaction encourages Hamlet to journey further toward his mission of avenging the death of his father. Any form of immediate action is ignored when Hamlet wrestles Polonius with false visions of psychosis as he inquires, Do you see yonder cloud thats almost in shape of a / camel (355-356)? Hamlets separation from action invites a sense of fear that intensifies his madness and entangles his entire self in nothing more than the mere use of words. It is his words that camouflage the notion that his own conscience may be afflicted with an overpowering sense of guilt. Even though Hamlets accurate direction of the players did celebrate success as it illustrated the guilt of the Kings conscience, Hamlets identity remains in crisis as he continues to revel in his words. His speech reveals his craving for action: Tis now the very witching time of night, When churchyards yawn and hell itself (breathes) out Contagion to this world. Now could I drink hot blood, And do such (bitter business as the) day Would quake to look on. (367-371) The claim that he is prepared to engage in necessary action remains solely a claim as Hamlets burden of self-loathing dominates his internal struggle. He may fear the truth of his identity, as he is horrified by the realism included in the players precise portrayal of his own life in actuality.

Essay --

Dalton 1 Prairie Dalton Sherry Prewitt ELA Period 2 2/25/14 The 1960’s were a time of freedom and revolution for the United States. The decade brought along a changed world and a transformed culture. The 60’s hosted an influential series of events that opened many doors in politics, war, and pop culture that would continue to have an impact for many years to come. The beginning of the 60’s marked a point in time when the children of the post World War II baby boom became teenagers and young adults. This collective youth wanted change for the world in which they were growing up. These changes affected education, values, lifestyle, and laws as well as many other things. The surge of youth caused the conservative way of the previous decade to sway to a more liberal path. People learned that politics could be affected through peaceful demonstrations and protests. This change in thinking affected many things during that time, and still has an effect today. (Goodwin, Susan and Becky Bradley.) The 60’s were an especially big year for politics. With the beginning of the decade came the inauguration of charismatic, young J.F.K. The president wanted to get the country moving again, after the effects of the previous war. Kennedy made promises of keeping the United States ahead of the Dalton 2 Soviet Union in the Space Race and Cold War. The nation was on the brink of a new political era. Once elected, winning against Richard Nixon by a landslide, he raised minimum wage, set up peace corps and heavily supported the coming civil rights movement. (â€Å"Politics: Power to The People†). Problems such as racial justice and gender equality h... ...l-known english model of the time, popularized short hair as well as different makeup styles, including nude lips and large false eyelashes. Men’s styles included bright, colorful patterns and fabrics that contrasted the pastels that were in style for women. Suits included frills and cravats, wide ties, crazy prints and leather. (â€Å"Fashion in The 1960’s†) Longer hair was also becoming more acceptable for men after The Beatles became popular, influencing â€Å"mop-top† styles and shaggier hair. Towards the end of the decade, the androgynous hippie style emerged. It included flared bell-bottom jeans, tie-dyed shirts, headbands and sandals. After ten years, the decade finally came to a close. Changes in politics, war and pop culture opened many doors for coming decades. Events in these areas were not only impacted the 60’s, but impacted more in many ways for years to come.

Media Ethics and Laws

Indian Contract Act 1872 The law relating to contracts in India is contained in  Indian Contract Act, 1872. The Act was passed by  British India  and is based on the principles of  English Common Law. It is applicable to the All the States of India except the State of  Jammu & Kashmir. It determines the circumstances in which promise made by the parties to a contract shall be legally binding on them. All of us enter into a number of contracts everyday knowingly or unknowingly. Each contract creates some right and duties upon the contracting parties.Indian contract deals with the enforcement of these rights and duties upon the parties in India. ————————————————- Definition Section 2(h) of the Act defines the term contract as â€Å"any agreement enforceable by law†. There are two essentials of this act, agreement and enforceability. Section 2(e) defines agree ment as â€Å"every promise and every set of promises, forming the consideration for each other. † Again Section 2(b) defines promise in these words: â€Å"when the person to whom the proposal is made signifies his assent thereto, the proposal is said to be accepted.Proposal when accepted, becomes a  promise. † And other words Say Agreement is Sum of all contract are agreement, but all agreement are not contract.. CONTRACT=AGREEMENT+ENFORCEABLE BY LAW( LAW) ————————————————- [edit]Essential Elements of a Valid Contract According to Section 10, â€Å"All agreements are contracts, if they are made by the free consent of the parties, competent to contract, for a lawful consideration with a lawful object, and not hereby expressly to be void. † Essential Elements of a Valid Contract are: . Proper offer and proper acceptance. there must be an agreement bas ed on a lawful offer made by person to another and lawful acceptance of that offer made by the latter. section 3 to 9 of the contract act, 1872 lay down the rules for making valid acceptance 2. Lawful consideration: An agreement to form a valid contract should be supported by consideration. Consideration means â€Å"something in return† (quid pro quo). It can be cash, kind, an act or abstinence. It can be past, present or future. However, consideration should be real and lawful. . Competent to contract or capacity: In order to make a valid contract the parties to it must be competent to be contracted. According to section 11 of the Contract Act, a person is considered to be competent to contract if he satisfies the following criterion: * The person has reached the age of maturity. * The person is of sound mind. * The person is not disqualified from contracting by any law. 4. Free Consent: To constitute a valid contract there must be free and genuine consent of the parties to the contract.It should not be obtained by misrepresentation, fraud, coercion, undue influence or mistake. 5. Lawful Object and Agreement: The object of the agreement must not be illegal or unlawful. 6. Agreement not declared void or illegal: Agreements which have been expressly declared void or illegal by law are not enforceable at law; hence they do not constitute a valid contract. 7. Intention To Create Legal Relationships:- when the two parties enter in to an agreement,there must be intention to create a legal relationship between them †¦ if there is no such intention on the part of the parties .. here is no contract between them .. agreements of a social or domestic nature do not contemplate legal relationship;as such they are not contracts. 8. Certainty, Possibility Of Performance 9. Legal Formalities 10. by surity ————————————————- [edit]Types of contracts On th e basis of validity: 1. Valid contract: An agreement which has all the essential elements of a contract is called a valid contract. A valid contract can be enforced by law. 2. Void contract[Section 2(g)]: A void contract is a contract which ceases to be enforceable by law.A contract when originally entered into may be valid and binding on the parties. It may subsequently become void. — There are many judgments which have stated that where any crime has been converted into a â€Å"Source of Profit† or if any act to be done under any contract is opposed to â€Å"Public Policy† under any contract—than that contract itself cannot be enforced under the law- 3. Voidable contract[Section 2(i)]: An agreement which is enforceable by law at the option of one or more of the parties thereto, but not at the option of other or others, is a voidable contract.If the essential element of free consent is missing in a contract, the law confers right on the aggrieved party e ither to reject the contract or to accept it. However, the contract continues to be good and enforceable unless it is repudiated by the aggrieved party. 4. Illegal contract: A contract is illegal if it is forbidden by law; or is of such nature that, if permitted, would defeat the provisions of any law or is fraudulent; or involves or implies injury to a person or property of another, or court regards it as immoral or opposed to public policy.These agreements are punishable by law. These are void-ab-initio. â€Å"All illegal agreements are void agreements but all void agreements are not illegal. † 5. Unenforceable contract: Where a contract is good in substance but because of some technical defect cannot be enforced by law is called unenforceable contract. These contracts are neither void nor voidable. On the basis of formation: 1. Express contract: Where the terms of the contract are expressly agreed upon in words (written or spoken) at the time of formation, the contract is said to be express contract. . Implied contract: An implied contract is one which is inferred from the acts or conduct of the parties or from the circumstances of the cases. Where a proposal or acceptance is made otherwise than in words, promise is said to be implied. 3. Quasi contract: A quasi contract is created by law. Thus, quasi contracts are strictly not contracts as there is no intention of parties to enter into a contract. It is legal obligation which is imposed on a party who is required to perform it.A quasi contract is based on the principle that a person shall not be allowed to enrich himself at the expense of another. On the basis of performance: 1. Executed contract: An executed contract is one in which both the parties have performed their respective obligation. 2. Executory contract: An executory contract is one where one or both the parties to the contract have still to perform their obligations in future. Thus, a contract which is partially performed or wholly unpe rformed is termed as executory contract. . Unilateral contract: A unilateral contract is one in which only one party has to perform his obligation at the time of the formation of the contract, the other party having fulfilled his obligation at the time of the contract or before the contract comes into existence. 4. Bilateral contract: A bilateral contract is one in which the obligation on both the parties to the contract is outstanding at the time of the formation of the contract. Bilateral contracts are also known as contracts with executory consideration. ———————————————— Negotiable Instruments Act, 1881 Negotiable Instruments Act, 1881  was passed by British India and for over 130 years and except for amendments, the question of revising the act as a whole never been raised. According to Section of the Negotiable Instruments Act means â€Å"A  negotiable instrument   means a promissory note, bill of exchange or cheque payable either to order or to bearer. ‘[3]But in Section 1, it is also described that  Local extent, Saving of usage relating to hundis, etc. , Commencement. It extends to the whole of India but nothing herein contained affects the Indian Paper Currency Act, 1871, Section 2, or affects any local usage relating to any instrument in an oriental language. Provided that such usages may be excluded by any words in the body of the instrument, which indicate and intention that the legal relations of the parties thereto shall be governed by this Act; and it shall come into force on the first day of March, 1882. [3] ————————————————- [edit]Modern era and Negotiable Instruments prefer to carry a small piece of paper known as  Cheque  rather than carrying the currency worth the value of the  Cheque. Before 1988 the re being no provision to restrain the person issuing the  Cheque  without having sufficient funds in his account. Of course on  Dishonoured cheque  there is a civil liability accrued. However in reality it takes a long time to recover the money. In order to ensure promptitude and remedy against the defaulters of the Negotiable Instrument a criminal remedy of penalty was inserted in Negotiable Instruments Act, 1881 by amending it with Negotiable Instruments Act, 1988. 3] With the insertion of these provisions in the Act the situation certainly improved and the instances of dishonour have relatively come down but on account of application of different interpretative techniques by different High Courts on different provisions of the Act it further compounded and complicated the situation although on dishonour of cheques the trends of the verdicts of the  Supreme Court of India  unequivocally demonstrate that there is subconscious judicial pressure in the mind of the Judges which leans heavily in favour of the holder of the cheque. ————————————————-The sales of goods act 1930  Ã¢â‚¬â€ Presentation Transcript * 1. The sales of goods act 1930 Meaning of sale and goods Conditions and warranties Transfer of property Rights of an unpaid seller * 2. The law of sale of goods was contained in chapter VII of the Indian contract Act. 1872 Contracts for the sale of goods are subject to the general legal principles applicable to all contracts, such as offer and its acceptance or other essential elements of a contract. * 3. Contract of sale of goods A contract of sale of goods is a contract whereby the seller transfers or agrees to transfer the property in goods to buyer for a price.The term â€Å" contract of sale† is a generic term and includes both a sale and an agreement to sell. * 4. Sale and agreement to sell Where under a contract of sale , the property in the goods is transferred from the seller to the buyer, the contract is called a â€Å"sale† but where the transfer of the property in the goods is to take place at a future time or subject to some conditions thereafter to be fulfilled. The contract is called â€Å"agreement to sell â€Å". An agreement to sell becomes a sale when the time elapses or the conditions, subject to which the property in the goods is to be transferred are fullfilled. 5. Essentials of a contract of sale Two parties: there must be two distinct parties i. e a buyer and the seller, to effect a contract of sale and they must be competent to enter into a contract. Goods: there must be some goods the property in which is or is to be transferred from the seller to the buyer. The goods which form the subject matter of the contract of sale must be movable. Transfer of immovable property is not regulated by the sale of goods Act. Price: the consideration for the contract of sale, called pri ce, must be money. When goods are exchanged for goods, if is not a sale but a barter.Partly in money and kind is a contract of sale. All the essential elements of a valid contract. * 6. Distinction between sale and an agreement to sell In a sale the property in the goods passes from the seller to the buyer immediately so that the seller is no more the owner of the goods sold. A sale can only be in case of existing and specific goods only. In an agreement to sell the transfer of property in the goods is to take place at a future time or subject to certain conditions to be fulfilled. It is mostly in case of future and contingent goods . * 7.Risk of loss falls on the buyer even though they are in the possession of seller. Seller can sue for price in case of breach, possession may be with seller. Risk of loss is with seller even though goods are in the possession of buyer. Seller can only sue for damages though goods may be in the possession of the buyer. * 8. Conditions and warranties A stipulation in a contract of sale with reference to goods which are the subject thereof may be a condition or a warranty ( sec 12(1). Condition: a condition is a stipulation which is essential to the main purpose of the contract.It goes to the root of the contract, its non fulfillment upsets the very basis of the contract. If there is a breach of a condition, the aggrieved party can treat the contract as repudiated. Ex: truck which is now in Bombay should proceed! * 9. warranty Sec 12(3) a warranty is a stipulation which is collateral to the main purpose of the contract. It is not of such vital importance as condition is. If there is a breach of a warranty, the aggrieved party can only claim damages and it has no right to treat the contract as repudiated. * 10.Whether a stipulation in a contract of sale is a condition or a warranty depends in each case on the construction of the contract as a whole. The court is not guided by the terminology used by the parties to the contract. A stipulation may be a condition though called a warranty in the contract. ( sec 12(4)). * 11. Difference between condition and warranty Condition Stipulation essential to the main purpose Breach of condition, contract can be repudiated A breach of condition may be treated as breach of warranty. Warranty Stipulation collateral to the main urpose of the contract Breach of warranty the aggrieved party can claim damages only A breach of warranty, cannot be treated as a breach of a condition. * 12. When conditions to be treated as warranty Voluntary waiver of condition: where a contract of sale is subject to any condition to be fulfilled by the seller, the buyer may (a) waive the condition or (b) elect to treat the breach of the condition as a breach of warranty. If the buyer once decides to waive the condition he cannot afterwards insists on its fulfillment. * 13. 2. cceptance of goods by buyer: where a contract of sale is not severable and the buyer has accepted the goods or part thereo f, the breach of any condition to be fulfilled by the seller can only be treated as a breach of warranty. Unless there is an agreement to the contrary. * 14. Express and implied conditions and warranties Implied conditions Condition as to title: (a) in the case of a sale, he has a right to sell the goods and (b) in the case of an agreement to sell he will have a right to sell the goods at the time when the property is to pass.Sale by description: where there is a contract for the sale of goods by description, there is an implied condition that the goods shall correspond, there is an implied condition that the goods shall correspond with the description. * 15. Condition as to quality or fitness: the condition as to quality or fitness is implied where (a) the goods sold are such as the seller deals in the ordinary course of his business (b) the buyer relies on the seller’s skill or judgment as to the fitness of the goods for any particular purpose (C) the buyer expressly or imp liedly makes known to the seller that he wants the goods for that particular purpose.Condition as to merchantability: where goods are bought by description from a seller who deals in goods of that description , it means goods should be such as commercially saleable under the description by which they are known in the market at their full value. * 16.Condition implied by custom: an implied condition as to the quality or fitness for a particular purpose may be annexed by usage of trade Sale by sample: implied condition that the bulk shall correspond with the sample in quality, that the buyer shall have a reasonable opportunity of comparing the bulk with the sample, that the goods shall be free from any defect, rendering them un-merchantable. Condition as to wholesomeness; in the case of eatables and provisions, in addition to merchantability, there is another implied condition that the goods shall by wholesome. * 17.Implied warranties Warranty of quiet possession: if the buyer is any way disturbed in the enjoyment of the goods in consequence of the seller’s defective title to sell, he can claim damages from the seller. Warranty of freedom from encumbrances; the goods are free from any charge or encumbrance in favor of any third party. Warranty as to quality or fitness by usage of trade. Warranty to disclose dangerous nature of goods * 18. Caveat emptor â€Å" Let the buyer beware† In a contract of sale of goods the seller is under no duty to reveal unflattering truths about the goods sold.Therefore when a person buys some goods, he must examine them thoroughly. If the goods turn out to be defective or do not suit his purpose or he depends upon his own skill or judgment and makes a bad selection, he cannot blame anybody excepting himself. * 19. Exceptions Fitness for buyer’s purpose Sale under a patent or trade name Merchantable quality Usage of trade Consent by fraud —————————â⠂¬â€Ã¢â‚¬â€Ã¢â‚¬â€Ã¢â‚¬â€Ã¢â‚¬â€Ã¢â‚¬â€Ã¢â‚¬â€- General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade The  General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade  (GATT) was a multilateral agreement regulating international trade.According to its preamble, its purpose was the â€Å"substantial reduction of tariffs and other trade barriers and the elimination of preferences, on a reciprocal and mutually advantageous basis. † It was negotiated during the  UN  Conference on Trade and Employment and was the outcome of the failure of negotiating governments to create the  International Trade Organization  (ITO). GATT was signed in 1948 and lasted until 1993, when it was replaced by the  World Trade Organization  in 1995. The original GATT text (GATT 1958) is still in effect under the WTO framework, subject to the modifications of GATT 1994. 1] ————————————————- The Companies Act , 1956 The Companies Act 1956  is an  Act  of the  Parliament of India, enacted in 1956, which enabled  companies  to be formed by registration, and set out the responsibilities of companies, their  directors  and  secretaries. [1] The Companies Act 1956 is administered by the  Government of India  through the  Ministry of Corporate Affairs  and the Offices of Registrar of Companies, Official Liquidators, Public Trustee,  Company Law Board, Director of Inspection, etc.The Registrar of Companies (ROC) handles incorporation of new companies and the administration of running companies. Since its commencement, it has been amended many times, in which amendment of 1988, 1990, 1996, 2000 and 2011 are notable. ————————————————- Provisions of the Act The Act is 658 sections long. It contains provisions about Companies, directors of the companies, memora ndum and articles of associations, etc. This act states and discusses every single provision requires or may need to govern a company. ———————————————— Intellectual property From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia This article isIntellectual Property (film) | | * | | * | | * | * | Intellectual property  (IP) is a  juridical  concept which refers to creations of the mind for which  exclusive rights  are recognized. [1]  Under intellectual property law, owners are granted certain exclusive rights to a variety of  intangible assets, such as musical, literary, and artistic works; discoveries and inventions; and words, phrases, symbols, and designs.Common types of intellectual property rights include  copyright,  trademarks,  patents,  industrial design rights  and in some jurisdictions  trade secrets. Although many of the legal principles governing inte llectual property rights have evolved over centuries, it was not until the 19th century that the term  intellectual property  began to be used, and not until the late 20th century that it became commonplace in the majority of the world. [2]  The British  Statute of Anne  1710 and the  Statute of Monopolies 1623  are now seen as the origins of  copyright  and  patent law  respectively. [3] ———————————————— Objectives The stated objective of most intellectual property law (with the exception of trademarks) is to â€Å"Promote progress. â€Å"[13]  By exchanging limited exclusive rights for disclosure of inventions and creative works, society and the patentee/copyright owner mutually benefit, and an incentive is created for inventors and authors to create and disclose their work. Some commentators have noted that the objective of intellectual propert y legislators and those who support its implementation appears to be â€Å"absolute protection. â€Å"If some intellectual property is desirable because it encourages innovation, they reason, more is better. The thinking is that creators will not have sufficient incentive to invent unless they are legally entitled to capture the full social value of their inventions. †Ã‚  [14]  This absolute protection or full value view treats intellectual property as another type of ‘real' property, typically adopting its law and rhetoric. Other recent developments in intellectual property law, such as the  America Invents Act, stress international harmonization.Trademark  law is not based in the  intellectual property clause  of the U. S. Constitution, and has distinct policy objectives which are not discussed here. [edit]Financial incentive [edit]Economic growth [edit]Morality ———————————— ————- Foreign Exchange Management Act From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia | | | | | | | | | | | | | The  Foreign Exchange Management Act  (FEMA) was an act passed in the winter session of Parliament in 1999 which replacedForeign Exchange Regulation Act. This act seeks to make offenses related to foreign exchange  civil offenses. It extends to the whole ofIndia. 1] FEMA, which replaced  Foreign Exchange Regulation Act(FERA), had become the need of the hour since FERA had become incompatible with the pro-liberalisation policies of the  Government of India. FEMA has brought a new management regime of Foreign Exchange consistent with the emerging framework of the  World Trade Organisation  (WTO). It is another matter that the enactment of FEMA also brought with it the  Prevention of Money Laundering Act  2002, which came into effect from 1 July 2005. Unlike other laws where  everything is permitted unless specifically prohibited, under t his act  everything was prohibited unless specifically permitted.Hence the tenor and tone of the Act was very drastic. It required imprisonment even for minor offences. Under FERA  a person was presumed guilty unless he proved himself innocent, whereas under other laws  a person is presumed innocent unless he is proven guilty. Contents  Ã‚  [hide]   * 1  Switch from FERA * 2  Need for its management * 3  Main Features * 4  References * 5  External links| ————————————————- [edit]Switch from FERA The done in 1974, a period when India’s foreign exchange reserve position wasn’t at its best. A new control in place to improve this position was the need of the hour.FERA did not succeed in restricting activities, especially the expansion of TNCs (Transnational Corporations). The concessions made to FERA in 1991-1993 showed that FERA was on the ver ge of becoming redundant. [2]  After the amendment of FERA in 1993, it was decided that the act would become the FEMA. This was done in order to relax the controls on foreign exchange in India, as a result of  economic liberalization. FEMA served to make transactions for external trade (exports  andimports) easier – transactions involving current account for external trade no longer required RBI’s permission.The deals in Foreign Exchange were to be ‘managed’ instead of ‘regulated’. The switch to FEMA shows the change on the part of the government in terms of foreign capital. [3] ————————————————- [edit]Need for its management The buying and selling of foreign  currency  and other debt instruments by businesses, individuals and governments happens in the  foreign exchange market. Apart from being very competitive, this mar ket is also the largest and most liquid market in the world as well as in  India. 4]  It constantly undergoes changes and innovations, which can either be beneficial to a country or expose them to greater  risks. The management of foreign exchange market becomes necessary in order to mitigate and avoid the risks. Central banks  would work towards an orderly functioning of the transactions which can also develop their foreign exchange market. [5] Whether under FERA or FEMA’s control, the need for the management of foreign exchange is important. It is necessary to keep adequate amount of foreign exchange reserves, especially when India has to go in for imports of certain goods.By maintaining sufficient reserves, India’s foreign exchange policy marked a shift from Import Substitution to Export Promotion. [6] ————————————————- [edit]Main Features – Activities such as payments made to any person outside India or receipts from them, along with the deals in foreign exchange and foreign security is restricted. It is FEMA that gives the central government the power to impose the restrictions. – Restrictions are imposed on people living in India who carry out transactions in foreign exchange, foreign security or who own or hold immovable property abroad. Without general or specific permission of the  Reserve Bank of India, FEMA restricts the transactions involving foreign exchange or foreign security and payments from outside the country to India – the transactions should be made only through an authorised person. – Deals in foreign exchange under the  current account  by an authorised person can be restricted by the Central Government, based on public interest. – Although selling or drawing of foreign exchange is done through an authorised person, the RBI is empowered by this Act to subject the  capital account  transactions to a number of restrictions. People living in India will be permitted to carry out transactions in foreign exchange, foreign security or to own or hold  immovable property  abroad if the currency, security or property was owned or acquired when he/she was living outside India, or when it was inherited to him/her by someone living outside India. – Exporters are needed to furnish their export details to RBI. To ensure that the transactions are carried out properly, RBI may ask the exporters to comply to its necessary requirements. [7]

Improved Management Decision Making Essay

Managers at all levels of a business are required to make decisions constantly. Whether it be at an often low risk operational level, or at high importance strategic level, precise analysis is essential, failure on doing so could end in disaster in business’s unforgiving world. Evidence of this can be seen in the strategic level of Dell management in 2004. A poor decision to enter the market with their DJ.Ditty MP3 player, Dell failed to address any strong marketing campaign along with failure to analyse stronger substitute products concluded in Dell discontinuing the product two years later in 2006. The decision made in the development of the product were likewise poor as rival companies such as Apple and Zen’s product features far overpowered Dells weak product. (Laubacher 2011). Simple research into Information Systems tells us they are able to display information that can lead us to answer questions we are often queried with. But often management decisions are not j ust simple rhetorical answers but strategic procedures that will aid the business in specific ways. In this essay I will assess the different methods of how IT based systems through the means of Information systems can aid management decisions or, if they do at all. (C.Lucas 1994)In his book information systems concepts for management, defines an IS as â€Å"a set of organised procedures, that when executed, provides information to support organisation. The information is a tangible or intangible entity that serves to reduce uncertainty about some state or event.† (Oz, Jones and Gowthorpe 2009) Back this definition up stating an â€Å"IS system is a computer based set of hardware, software and telecommunications components, supported by people and procedures to process data and turn it into useful information. The information system can then be divided up into different subsystems with varying goals that help gear towards the organisations main goal†. It is clear that ISs are significant in the day to day operation of a business. The fact that ISs can answer question is indisputable, but the process in which they answer them and the form of answers they give can be debated. Synergy defines the combined resource output exceeding the total output of the same resources if they were employed separately (Oz, Jones and Gowthorpe 2009). This theory can be stretched as far as the four stages of processing that an information system goes through. Input is the first stage of this process which is entered by the human. The next three stages include the processing of the IS system, these include changing and manipulating the data, extracting the information out of the information system and finally storing the information that the IS system has administered. This is a great example of synergy, the IS system calculates the data at a quicker and cheaper cost than if a human were to do it, but the IS system first needs input from an event or scenario from a human, this evidence of synergy. (C.Luckem 2002) Theory on complex event processing relates to this very well. He defines each business action (be this internal with staffing decisions or external with customers through sales) taking several stages of events to reach a final state and in today’s technological driven domain ISs play a very Important role in each of these states. He relates to the use of ISs gathering and storing of data, sharing of information and the ability of systems to automate and often control components playing a vital part of CEP. ISs that relate to CEP are systems such as Supply Chain Management, according to (B.Handfield and L.Nichols 1999) â€Å"Is a set of approaches utilized to efficiently integrate suppliers, manufacturers, warehouses, and stores, so that merchandise is produced (often by computer aided design) and distributed at the right quantities, to the right locations, and at the right time, in order to minimize system wide costs while satisfying service level requirements† It is easy to see how this can be related to management decision making, at each stage of a process with the use of SCM managers can stop the process and analyse production rates, therefore using IS systems to make a decision, which In the case of SCM means utilising every process so that wastage is at a minimum and costs remain low throughout production . Luckem further expresses that the use of IS systems in CEP does not function with remotely one source but needs both the Human and IS system to work collectively for any form of process to work accordingly. Although(Bider 2010) argues the reliability of information processed by ISs. He states that human error can often be the cause of incorrect data. This is not uncommon; often as information is filtered through the information map from department to department human error can cause faults. So an argument could be formed that managers can often put great analysis into ISs, but decisions can be made using the wrong output from the system. In relation to the four stages of processing, this output can then be stored incorrectly meaning any future decisions based on this first problem will not aid the answer process as the information will be incorrect. There are other types of systems that can significantly aid decision making DSSs or Decision Support Systems are systems that aid making decisions through the use of built in models. (Turban 1995) Defines it as â€Å"an interactive, flexible, and adaptable computer-based information system, especially developed for supporting the solution of a non-structured management problem for improved decision making. It utilizes data, provides an easy-to-use interface, and allows for the decision maker’s own insights.† DSSs are comprised of three modules data management, model management and dialog management or in profit terms (actual prior, possible sales, possible revenue, and possible profit). Using these modules DSSs helps find an ideal course of action, able to analyse and finally answer questions that are often asked upon humans, ‘What if’ or ‘How will this action impact revenue’ are example. DSSs are able to process raw data, and draw comparisons to generate information to aid a business decision. Although (Jensen, B.Lowry and Jeffery 2011) argue that the now more wide spread use of Decision Support Systems due to the increase in technology used in business today should not replace the decision making of a human. They argue that although â€Å"It is often difficult for people to assess credibility correctly in face-to-face interactions† but argue the use of DSSs cannot be used as an absolute decision making process â€Å"The capability of face-to-face interactions is critical to effective communication and decision making†. Their views can be seen as somewhat old fashioned when relating to decision making. Similar to DSSs are Strategic information systems. The root of this system is based upon Michael E. porter’s Concept of competitive advantage. This concept analyses the strategic steps a business undergoes to gain an advantage over its competitors. According to (E.Porter 1998), SIS works by enhancing opportunities through analysing competitors, recording seller patterns, identifying potential substitute products and finally retrieving information on keeping a healthy share in the business’s market. All of these should aid a business to create a competitive advantage through the means of SISs. The storing of data and analysis of this data is what managers will use to make decisions. In both the DSSs and SISs the analysis will often plan out a possible route in which the business may take to achieve its aims. It is then up to management to take these recommendations on board through adopting the ideas or not. IS used in the hierachary of a business are important to assess, at an operational level Systems used will be Transactional Process systems are Electronic point of sale, both of these systems allow managers to analyse structured data and draw conclusions for themselves, examples of this maybe the management of stock ordering to improve on wastage, or assessing what product sells at an appropriate time. These systems can then be assessed by the tactical level that may use the means of DSSs to assess new pricing strategies to adapt to the operational level through the help of DSSs but on the evidence of data outputted by TPSs or EPOS. The next and final stage will be the use of the systems at a strategic level. Strategic level will use DSSs and Executive information systems (similar to DSSs but often seen as more precise and concentrated form of system) along with unstructured data which occurs through the means of meetings, conversations and emails .Furthermore strategic level generally have access to IS of all subordinates ISs to help make decisions as well as ISs linked together with external commercial services, such as the latest stock prices and general business news are also common. It is clear that ISs aid management decisions, but in context of this it is important to assess the characteristics of the managers, as well of the management styles. For example managers that adopt an autocratic style of management will be less interested in staff well-being which may affect their reaction to support they receive through IS systems, meaning they may adopt any plans a DSS comes up with whether or not it has a negative effect on staff. Democratic style managers may rely heavily on the data produced from systems of their subordinate. When assessing the improvement of decision making through the means of ISs, I feel it is important to assess manager characteristics, it is clear that there are systems that aid the decision making process but as (Bider 2010) stated there can be human error caused through the input of a system which may lead to poor decision making. I feel steady analysis through each stage of the input process will allow data to be used correctly, therefore being pivotal in decision making process and consequently improving them. Bibliography B.HANDFIELD, Robert and L.NICHOLS, Ernest (1999). Introduction to Supply Chain Management. vol.1. 1st ed., Prentice Hall. Business Using IS , BIDER, IIia (2010). Enterprise, Business-Process and Information Systems Modeling. vol.50. 1st ed., Queensland, Springer. 364213050X. C.LUCAS, Henry (1994). Information systems concepts for management. 5 ed., indiana, Mitchell McGraw-Hill. 11. C.LUCKEM, David (2002). The Power of Events: An Introduction to Complex Event Processing in Distributed Enterprise Systems. 1 ed., Addison wesly. 1. E.PORTER, Michael (1998). Competitive advantage: creating and sustaining superior performance : with a new introduction. Havard, Simon and Schuster. JENSEN, Matthew, B.LOWRY, Paul and JEFFERY, Jenkins (2011). Effects of Automated and Participative Decision Support in Computer-Aided Credibility Assessment. Journal of management information syetems, 28 (1), 201-233. LAUBACHER, Robert (2011). Managing Corporate Reputation in the Blogosphere: The Case of Dell Com puter. Corporate Reputation Review, 14 (2), 133-144. OZ, JONES and GOWTHORPE (2009). Finacial and Management Informatoin. vol.2. London, Cengage Learning. TURBAN, Efriam (1995). Decision support, And what they do? In: Decision support and expert systems : management support systems. Englewood cliffs, Prentice Hall, p.576.

Gullivers Travels by Jonathan Swift Review

Gullivers Travels by Jonathan Swift Review There are few great satirists who manage to judge their work so finely that it can be considered both a rip-roaring, fantastical adventure story suitable for children and adults alike, as well as a searing attack on the nature of society. In his Gullivers Travels, Jonathon Swift has done precisely that and has bestowed upon us one of the great works of English literature in the process. A tale recognized far more widely than it is read, the story of Gullivera traveler who is, in turns, a giant, a tiny figure, a king and an idiotis both excellent fun, as well as thoughtful, witty and wise. The First Voyage The travels that are referenced in Swifts title are four in number and always begin with an unfortunate incident that leaves Gulliver shipwrecked, abandoned, or otherwise lost at sea. On his first misadventure, he is washed up on the shores of Lilliput and awakes to find himself tied down by a hundred tiny threads. He soon realizes that he is a captive in a land of tiny people; compared to them, he is a giant. The people soon put Gulliver to workfirst of a manual kind, then in a war with neighboring people over the way that eggs should be properly cracked. The people turn against him when Gulliver puts out a fire in the palace by urinating on it. The Second Gulliver manages to return home, but he soon wishes to get out into the world again. This time, he finds himself in a land where he is tiny compared to the giants who live there. After numerous close encounters with the large animals that populate the land, and achieving some fame for his tiny size, he escapes Brobdingnaga place he disliked because of the boorishness of its peoplewhen a bird picks up the cage in which he resides and drops it into the sea. The Third On his third voyage, Gulliver pass through a number of lands, including one whose people literally have their head in the clouds. Their land floats above the normal Earth. These people are refined intellectuals who spend their time in esoteric and entirely pointless pursuits while others live belowas slaves. The Fourth Gullivers final voyage takes him to a near utopia. He finds himself in a land of talking horses, called the Houyhnhnms, who rule over a world of brutish humans, called Yahoos. The society is beautifulwithout violence, pettiness or greed. All the horses live together in a cohesive social unit. Gulliver feels that he is a stupid outsider. The Houyhnhnms cannot accept him because of his human form, and he escapes in a canoe. When he returns home, he is upset by the sordid nature of the human world and wishes he were back with the more enlightened horses that he left. Beyond the Adventure Brilliant and insightful, Gullivers Travels, is not simply a fun adventure story. Rather, each of the worlds that Gulliver visits exhibits the features of the world in which Swift livedoften delivered in a caricatured, inflated form that is the stock in trade of a satirist. Courtiers are given influence with a king dependent on how well they are at jumping through hoops: a sideswipe at politics. Thinkers have their head in the clouds while others suffer: a representation of intellectuals of Swifts time. And then, most tellingly, humanitys self-regard is punctured when we are portrayed as the beastly and incoherent Yahoos. Gullivers brand of misanthropy is aimed at the lampooning and improvement of society through a form that is far removed from any kind of serious political or social tract. Swift has a deft eye for an excellent image, and a uproarious, often bawdy sense of humor. In writing Gullivers Travels, he has created a legend which endures up to our times and beyond.

Advantages of Volunteering at American Institute for Medical and Biolo Essay

Advantages of Volunteering at American Institute for Medical and Biological Engineering The paper "Advantages of Volunteering at the American Institute for Medical and Biological Engineering" is a good example of an essay on social science. AIMBE has over 50,000 members who are in the medical and biological engineering. Volunteering at the organization will provide a platform to interact with other people in the same field. These interactions with different people at different stages of the biomedical engineering field will help grow my career by exposing me to different opportunities. I will also benefit from inspirations that come about from interacting with high achievers. Also, interacting with professionals and getting advice from them will also help in building my career and turn it into a great professionalism. Forging close friendships will also come in handy when looking for recommendations and introductions when it comes to work and career building. I will also get mentors who are experienced in the field to guide me and help me expound on my area of expertise . AIMBE sponsors a wide array of institutions including academic institutions, private industries, and other professional engineering societies (Johnson 2). By volunteering for the organization, I will get exposure to these organizations, Career-wise, this will help my development by opening a number of areas that I can major in and end up working there. The exposure will also provide an atmosphere of what is expected in professional development. Knowing what is expected from you and observing other professionals at work afford an advantage over many people in the job sector. The organization is also actively involved in researching new areas where the engineers can indulge. This expands to the fields where I can specialize in helping people and generally making the world a healthier place (Johnson 1).

Human Factors and the Insider Threat Research Paper

Human Factors and the Insider Threat - Research Paper Example The cyber security is a framework which enables the users to protect their cyber assets through preventing, detecting, countering and recovering the cyber incidents (Mehan, 2008). Although many practitioners assess the cyber security as a technical approach, there are many human aspects of acquiring cyber security. It is important to understand the significance of human contribution in the cyber security processes. Incorporating human behavior into the process can lead to a more efficient use of cyber space and reduction in cybercrime. Cyber security is dealt with not only access to technology but also to the understanding of the human user. There are many aspects of human behavior that make the cyber security processes effective in which education and training play an important role. It has been a long debate that technology advanced and gives the humans a better way of living but due to the human behavior, most of the times the technologies are exploited, wasted and misused. It is important to use the cyberspace without interfering and annoying other users. This will reduce the amount of cybercrimes which includes hacking, transferring the data and others. With effective human factors, a cyber environment can be created which provides the users with all the functions along with personal and national security (Shinder &Â  Cross, 2008). There are many challenges in managing the human aspects of cyber security. Cybercrimes take place at a high rate including personal information being leaked, invasion in the data of national concern, hacking accounts etc. The reasons for the cybercrimes may be many from personal to professional. Any person who has the expertise in computers and cyberspace can hack or access any user’s information. Many times it is unknown to the user that who committed the action. However, managing the cybercrimes can be very challenging as recently seen it has become a challenge